November 18, 2022
As an example on how to use the solubility rules, predict if a precipitate will form when solutions of cesium bromide and lead (II) nitrate are mixed. The structure of the K2B12F12, crystallized from an aqueous solution, is extremely rare for an A2X salt. It consists of an expanded HCP array of B12F122− anion centroids with half of the K+ ions filling Oh holes and half filling D3h trigonal holes midway between two “empty” Td holes. You may elect to cease to be an A2X Partner by providing thirty (30) days’ written notice to A2X via email to
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If only a relatively small fraction of the dissolved substance undergoes the ion-producing process, it is called a weak electrolyte. Such is the case for compounds such as calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium phosphate (the inorganic component of bone), and iron oxide (rust). A2X may update or modify this Partner Agreement from time to time at its sole discretion. All updates and modifications to this Partner Agreement will be published on A2X’s website and will be effective upon posting to the website. Notice of material updates and material modifications to this Partner Agreement will be communicated to you through notification via the A2X Service or via email at your email address on record. If you do not agree to any of the updates or modifications to this Partner Agreement, you can revoke your membership in the Program by notifying A2X via email to
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GABA and serotonin are natural chemicals in the body that directly influence emotion and mood and regulate levels of stress and anxiety.
A2X will determine whether you are accepted to the Program once it determines that the Partnership Prerequisites have been met. A2X reserves the right to accept or decline any organization or individual as an A2X Partner at its sole discretion, regardless of whether the Partnership Prerequisites have been met. We thank Professor I.D. Brown for helpful discussions about bond-valence sums and Professor S.E. Latturner for helpful discussions about A2X structure types. This research was supported by the Colorado State University Foundation, by ERC Inc., and by Edwards AFB, CA (AFRL-RZSP).
In addition, the Ni2In-like structure of K2B12F12 is related to the structures of Cs2(H2O)B12F12 and Cs2(H2O)B12H5F7, both of which were reported in 1992 [11], although in the original report the Ni2In-like packing of anions and cations was not discussed in detail. When some substances are dissolved in water, they undergo either a physical or a chemical change that yields ions in solution. If the physical or chemical process that generates the ions is essentially 100% efficient (all of the dissolved compound yields ions), then the substance is known as a strong electrolyte.
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For these reasons, it seemed likely that unusual structure types might be exhibited by B12F122− salts, even for predominantly ionic compounds with simple stoichiometries. We wish to report that the structure of crystalline K2B12F12 is almost without precedent for solvent-free A2X ionic compounds at atmospheric pressure. The Ni2In-like structure it exhibits was reported in 2003 for Cs2Pt at ambient temperature and pressure [10].
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When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. Under most conditions, ionic compounds will dissociate nearly completely when dissolved, and so they are classified as strong electrolytes. We recently reported the efficient, sub-ambient-temperature, and large-scale synthesis of K2B12F12 [9] and are now exploring the structural chemistry of the icosahedral B12F122− fluoroanion. It is significantly larger than tetrahedral and octahedral EFnm− fluoroanions, and also differs from them in having multiple fivefold symmetry axes in addition to multiple threefold and twofold axes.